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Page 2 of 4 5. POST continued. Besides checking the central hardware and the video adapter, the POST reads the BIOS identification and displays the data on screen. Another portion of the POST is the memory test, which is skipped if it is a warm-startup (warm startup is when you restart the computer, while cold startup is when you have switched it on). The output of the memory test is displayed on screen - i.e. how much installed memory you have. If you see that the installed memory is less than what you physically have inside the computer box, this could mean that some of your memory might have stopped functioning (i.e. you have 2 blocks of 512MB each, which is 1GB in total but the memory test displays that you have only 512MB, which means that one of the two blocks is not working). Depending on how many blocks of RAM you have, you might be able or you might be not able to continue booting. If you have 2 or more blocks of memory and at least one of them is working, you will be able to go further, though your computer will be slower because of the reduced memory. This memory scenario is an example of a non-critical error. 6. More tests. This stage could easily be grouped with the previous stage because essentially it is still checking the system but in the name of clarity, I have separated it in another stage. This stage can be called "system inventory" because the BIOS checks for disks, drives, and all kinds of peripherals. If the BIOS supports the Plug and Play standard, plug and play devices are also discovered and resources are assigned to them. The hard disk(s), the optical drives and the floppy-disk drive are located as well. When the hardware testing is over, the BIOS displays a summary screen about your system's configuration. Well, you might not be able to read it because it flashes on screen for a split second but if you don't see any error messages, which tend to stay forever, this means that the test has passed successfully. Any error messages here will direct you to the cause of failure. For instance, if you see that a hard disk is not found, this could mean that the disk is not physically present, it is not connected properly, it has died completely and so on. You might not be able to learn the exact cause of failure but when you know that there is something wrong with the hard disk, additional tests (or at least a look inside the computer case) will help you troubleshoot the problem. 7. The BIOS reads the CMOS. After the POST has been passed either successfully, or with non-critical errors, the next step the BIOS performs is to read the configuration in the CMOS. The CMOS is a 64 bytes area in memory, which is persistent (i.e. the information there is not deleted when you turn off the computer, as is the case with RAM) because it is fed by the current of a small battery, which resides on the motherboard. Due to its small size, the CMOS can't contain much information but it has a vital role in the boot sequence because it tells the ROM BIOS where to look for the operating system. The BIOS will try all possible drives (hard disk, floppy, external disks) to boot from and if no boot device is found at all, you will get an error message saying that there is no boot device available. This error message is BIOS-specific and sometimes can sound like "NO ROM BASIC - SYSTEM HALTED", which in plain English means that the BIOS could not find a drive to boot the operating system from. 8. Reading the MBR. After the CMOS has directed the BIOS to the drive from which to boot the operating system, the BIOS starts reading the very first sector of the specified device. For hard disks, this is the Master Boot Record and it is 512 bytes in size. 512 bytes is a lot of space, compared to the 64 bytes of the CMOS, for example and there is enough room for a partition table, partition loader and signature. The signature is the last two bytes and if is is missing, or its value is invalid, the boot sequence stops with a fatal error message because the MBR can't be loaded into memory and it is not possible to read the partition information. 9. Reading the partition table. The partition table, as the name implies, contains information about the partitions on the hard disk like numbers of bytes per sectors, numbers of sectors per cluster, start and end of the partition, etc. When the active partition is found, the BIOS reads its very first sector for information about the boot record and depending on what is written in the boot record, proceeds further to load the operating system. In case you dual-boot (i.e. you have Windows and Linux installed on your computer), most likely (if everything is in order with the MBR) you will be presented with a screen, where you can choose which operating system to load. If you don't make a choice within the set timeout, the default operating system will be loaded. 10. Loading the operating system. After you have chosen which operating system to load, the procedure differs depending if it is Windows or Linux, as described next.
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